Ex post facto research is a design that begins after an event has occurred and without the interference of the investigator. The major of social research in which is not acceptable or to manipulate human participants’ characteristics is based on ex post facto research designs. 

In research, statistics consist of numerical data and data sets. Populations and samples are two types of statistical data sets. 

In scholarly research, the theoretical framework is provided to describe the fundamental theory that applies to a given topic. Having a theoretical framework will help you frame your research within clearly defined concepts to support your research design and data analysis, making it easy for you to accurately interpret your results.

What is External Validity?

External validity asks: are the results generalizable beyond the scope of the study? External validity is about the degree to which conclusions about a group of people in a study would be the same for other persons in the population who are in other places at other times.